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ARDEB 1001

Molecular characterization of Helicobacter pylori isolates and their prophages recovered from adult and pediatric dyspeptic patients by whole genome sequence analysis

Helicobacter pylori is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric malignancy. Therefore, the eradication of H.pylori is very important. Empirical antibiotic therapy is used for eradication. The most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment are amoxicillin, tetracycline, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and rifampicin. However, increasing resistance rates against clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and metronidazole cause failure in treatment. It is crucial to determine the current antibiotic resistance profiles in establishing the appropriate treatment options for the eradication of H.pylori. To determine antibiotic resistance status, culture-based phenotypic tests are used. Antibiotic resistance status can also be revealed by molecular analyzes. In particular, whole genome sequencing (WGS) provides it possible to detect all genes responsible for resistance. Moreover, mutations found in susceptible H. pylori strains but not reflected in the phenotype can also be detected with WGS. Although neutrinos are the second most abundant particles in the universe after photons, they are among the least well understood subatomic particles. The experimental evidence of phase transitions (neutrino oscillations) between neutrino flavors showed that neutrinos cannot be massless as predicted by the Standard Model, and this led to increasing the interest in experimental neutrino studies. Since neutrinos feel only the weak interaction, they continue on their way without much interaction with matter and carry serious information about their sources. Since neutrinos emerge 24/7 from different sources: from nuclear reactions in the sun and stars to supernova explosions, from radioactive formations on the earth to reactions in nuclear reactors, this shows that they are very important particles, which need to be fully understood.

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